Mike Heim's Tertiary Rewilding in Northern Wisconsin
Pt. 1: Torreya taxifolia and Taxus floridana

Hayward, Wisconsin


   Mike Heim in March 2017. He's a University of Minnesota horticulture grad and teaches science at a local tribal college.

Torreya taxifolia, along with Florida Yew, are two of the species he surmises lived in Wisconsin prior to the climatic cooling at the onset of the Pliocene (about 5 million years ago), which was then followed by the glaciation of the Pleistocene.

My students and I are working on a long-term project in conjunction with the National Arboretum. It involves the naturalization of box huckleberry, a rare plant at present which likely thrived on the sandstone of northern Wisconsin during the Tertiary. See my article:

"Return of the Ericads: Students Dig and Reestablish a Prehistoric Species".

   The main planting location is within a mixed forest of acidic sandy-loam soil.

Access a 3-page technical description of the property and its plant populations in PDF.

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PHOTO: This low-growing Florida Torreya evidences no problem with winters in northern Wisconsin (December 2020).


ADVANCE DIRECTLY TO:
Mike's REPORTS of his TORREYA plantings
.


  Michael and Louise Heim's Sawyer County property is part laboratory, part enchanted forest. The couple's 58 acres are located on a kettle moraine, where two lobes of the last continental ice sheet ground against one another around 13,000 years ago. The complex topography and soils varying within such short distances are "a horticulturist's dream come true." Two horticulturists' dreams, in fact.

    ... The Heims are both scholars of the natural world, with Mike specializing in plants ranging from trees to ferns and Louise in landscaping. Their unique ecosystem including Spring Lake Creek provides rich habitat and a haven for flora and fauna amid the challenges of a changing climate. In their woods they leave the abundant natural understory, debris, and snags (standing dead trees) for habitat and bird nesting sites.
     Mike serves as a faculty member and the Agriculture and Natural Resources Advisor at Lac Courte Oreilles Ojibwe University. He loves experimenting with a vast number of plants and testing their winter hardiness while also collecting data on their assisted migration potential. He has sprouted countless fern species from spores in baby food jars, and nurtures them along in their home until they reach maturity before transplanting into their diverse forest.
     "Our conservation easement is a counterpoint to the accelerating trend towards ecosystem simplification," Mike stated. "All around us once diverse forests are being converted to single tree species monocultures, whether they be of red pine, aspen, red oak, or sugar maple. This does not bode well for regional biodiversity or the long-term health of these forests."
     ... Conservation easement terms may vary, and in the case of the Heim property, will ensure the evolution of a living museum, whose exhibits will persist and evolve over time.


   MIKE HEIM presented a 2-hour illustrated talk July 2020, which you can watch on youtube:

"Forest Trees of the Ceded Territory" (northern Wisconsin)

Torreya Guardians founder Connie Barlow reports,

"Mike excels in offering solid guidance and images — not only for identifying each species, but also its ecological context, historical uses, and deep-time history."
Use this time-coded topical list for accessing specific tree species during this 2 hour lecture.

Connie Barlow continues: "Watching this video, I learned a vital ecological reason why Paul Camire has found in Michigan that RED MAPLE indicates poor habitat for planting Torreya. Instead, one would expect that native trees indicating well-drained rich soils (e.g., beech, sugar maple, basswood) would be good indicators of best potential Torreya habitats in the Great Lakes region."

MIKE HEIM is also a FERN enthusiast. See his 2019 article, "A Wonderland of Ferns: Sharing a Piece of Land with Twenty-four Native Species".


Mike's ongoing photos and reports of other Tertiary-age genera that were either extirpated from Wisconsin or fully extirpated in North America (surviving thru the cold times only in Asia) are posted on a separate webpage on this site.

Visit Mike's PHOTOS & REPORTS of ASSISTED MIGRATION plantings: HERE.

Also on that page is his PHOTO-ESSAY: "Assisted Migration of Appalachian Species to Wisconsin."


TORREYA REPORTS IN REVERSE CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER


• 1 DECEMBER 2024:

   The critters ate all the wintergreen berries except for these. I suspect they got poked by the sharp needles.

(LOOK BELOW through the photos of the 16 TOTAL SEEDLINGS photographed in November, and you will see the one guarding the 2 red berries.)


• NOVEMBER 2024:

   I just finished mapping the 16 T. taxifolia in the woodland exclosure.

One is a rooted-cutting planted last year.

Three of total had shown up as seedlings during 2023. The other 13 showed above-ground growth for the first time this year.

I wonder how many will germinate next year?

I've been trying to exclude a rabbit from the exclosure, where it apparently makes its home. We haven't had a cottontail in years.

LEFT: Freezing nights have arrived in Wisconsin.

BELOW: Photos of the other 15 torreyas in November. Each plant has a number (from my map) and the year it germinated in situ (or the cutting was planted).


• 15 AUGUST 2024:

   Here is the third new seedling to appear this summer from Torreya seeds directly planted into the deer-exlosure forest patch from the 100 seeds Mike received November 2020 (half from Clinton NC and half from Mt. Olive NC seed harvests). Two conclusions of great significance:

(1) Seedlings sometimes emerge as late as mid-August.

(2) This and the previous 2 seedlings this summer are the first documentation of seeds sometimes taking 4 WINTER STRATIFICATIONS before showing above ground. (Scroll down to November 2020 to see documentation of the 100 seeds planted that month and year.)


• FEBRUARY 2024: - After 3 winter stratifications the first seedlings appeared Summer 2023


Photos above all taken late February 2024. The snow is gone!

MIKE HEIM wrote: "Three and a half years ago, I cleaned the fresh Torreya seeds (2020 harvest in central North Carolina) and immediately planted them in situ into the woods exclosure. It was fun last summer watching the first seedlings appear one by one! Only a fraction of them (5; photos above) have come up so far. It will be exciting this coming summer to see how many more might appear!"

"Seedling #4 (above) just has a glossy cuticle shining in the sun, but #5 came up late and was slightly injured by the first frost. That's the only one with any sign of injury so far. We did have -16F, but they were covered in snow. -6F is the coldest they've been exposed to."


   • 25 AUGUST 2023: - Mike Heim took photos of new seedlings that emerged from seeds planted directly into his forest (within a fenced deer exclosure). He wrote:
"I just found 4 T. taxifolia seedlings up from the seed I planted in situ November 2020. They sure are tall; some up to 6 inches!

"I doubt they will harden in time for winter, but it would be exciting if just one did."

EDITOR'S UPDATE FEBRUARY 2024: All of them survived the winter. Only the last of a total of 5 to emerge suffered any winter damage. (See note above.)


• NOVEMBER 2022: - Mike Heim took photos of another eastern USA native plant, Galax — which, at his home in Wisconsin, is now far outside its range:

 

 


• OCTOBER 2022: - Mike Heim took photos of two new seedlings that emerged from seeds planted directly into his forest (within a fenced deer exclosure). He wrote: "It's taken 2 winters for them to germinate. Probably more on the way next year."

 


• APRIL 2022: - Mike Heim reported that February 13 the temperature dipped down to -29F. On April 3, he sent 3 photos of FLORIDA TORREYA and one photo of FLORIDA YEW (his boot alongside the yew):

   


• NOVEMBER 2020: - Mike Heim was sent 100 seeds (50/50) from the Clinton and Mt. Olive seed-collecting expedition made by Joe Facendola October 31: On November 9 Mike emailed, "The seeds are all planted. I alternated the two sources along the footpaths — in the pouring rain.  That's determination!  Hopefully I avoided the vole runways." Note: He planted the seeds within his large, fenced deer exclosure, beneath a deciduous canopy.


• OCTOBER 2020: - Photos of Mike's forest plantings of America's northern-most native magnolia (Cucumber Magnolia, well north of its native range) and the pair of "living fossil" trees that used to be in North America: Dawn Redwood and Ginkgo.

   

More photos below: Two subcanopy woody plants of eastern North America — substantially north of their native range: Sweetshrub (Calycanthus floridus) and Flowering Dogwood (Cornus florida).

 


• SEPTEMBER 2020: - "It may interest you to know that I am growing pure American chestnuts that are blight resistant. They originated as seedlings from Michigan. One of them did get the blight many years ago, but the others nearby never did and are gorgeous trees. I understand that the USFS is monitoring small stands of chestnuts in KY, etc. that have escaped the blight, which is a little known fact to most people."... "By the way, after many valiant attempts, I finally got a couple of pawpaws to survive here.


• NOVEMBER 2019 - New germination of a free-planted seed + early winter report

 

Mike Heim writes, "Thought you might like an update on the Florida torreyas way up here in northern Wisconsin. It's all good news.

PHOTO LEFT (Nov 24): This past summer one of the seeds germinated that I planted in situ two years ago in the woods. I find it interesting that the only one to germinate so far did so next to a wild ginger (Asarum shuttleworthii) division that I transplanted from the western North Carolina mountains a couple of years earlier. Just speculating, but perhaps something in that soil triggered germination, whether it be soil fungi/microbes or exudates from the ginger roots. Only time will tell if there's any merit to this idea, when and if the others germinate.

PHOTO RIGHT (Nov. 24): This one is from the native Georgia population that has been growing here without injury for several years. Last winter it survived under only a couple of inches of snow at -36F. This fall both of these plants were exposed to -6F on November 12th, which is exceptionally early for such cold. There was no snow whatsoever. As you can see, the torreyas were not fazed by this.

Editor's note: Compare photo above right to photo below right. The July photo shows the delicate new growth, which is hardened off and glossy in the above right photo.


• JULY 2019 - A Florida torreya seedling after 3 winters in northern Wisconsin.

 

Mike Heim writes, "This was its third winter here and I don't give it any protection from the cold besides what Mother Nature provides. This past winter the temperature dropped to -36F with only 5 or 6 inches of snowcover. This last surviving GA torreya seedling was protected by snow, but not much — maybe an inch. This was our coldest winter since the 1990s.... This Torreya is the only survivor of two originals pictured in the March 2017 report below. (This is the seedling pictured in the left photo of 2017.)"

HOWEVER, "the June 2017 photos (below) were of a different, larger seedling. It died for no apparent reason. I wish I would have checked for rodent damage at the time, but only much later read about this problem." Deer herbivory is ruled out because an exclosure surrounds the plantings of Florida Torreya and Florida Yew.



• APRIL 2019 - Mike Heim sent an email report to Connie Barlow on 2 April 2019:

"I'm waiting for the snow to finally melt off of the T. taxifolia seedling and cuttings. The Taxus floridana all are in perfect condition after a -36F winter with not a whole lot of snow covering them."



• JUNE 2017 - The biggest of the two Torreya taxifolia seedlings (photo below), as of mid-June 2017:

 



• MARCH 2017 - It has been an extraordinary winter here. On December 18th the temperature dropped to -25F with only several inches of snowcover.  Heavy rainfalls resulted in the unprecedented disappearance of the snowpack in February.  Since then the bare ground and uncovered plants have had to endure temperature extremes seesawing back and forth between -5F to almost 60F and back again.  The sustained strong damaging winds are also unusual.

      PHOTO LEFT: Two of three potted seedlings of Torreya taxifolia, survived their first winter after being planted outdoors.
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After having his rooted cuttings of Torreya taxifolia die during their first Wisconsin winter in 2010, Mike decided to plant specimens that had germinated from seeds (and therefore would have better root systems).

Summer of 2016, Mike obtained 3 potted seedlings, donated by Dawes Arboretum (Ohio) from seeds sourced by Torreya Guardians (Georgia provenance). One died in the spring (something about the microsite perhaps) and as you can see, the other two are thriving.

      • MARCH 2017 (continued)

LEFT AND BELOW: The Florida yew rooted cuttings (Taxus floridana) pictured in the 2010 photos below are still alive and growing.

Because they were rooted cuttings (not grown from seed) they will retain the horizontal growth form of the lateral branch cut from their mother tree.

A ground-hugging growth habit may be very advantageous in the north woods of Wisconsin — and for two reasons. First, snow cover will likely bury and thus protect it from extreme episodes of cold. Second, the snow will hide it from the winter-starved deer.


  
• APRIL 2010 - TORREYA

All of the Torreya taxifolia ended up dying as spring proceeded.

Photo left is one example of a dead or dying Torreya.

  
• APRIL 2010 (cont.)

LEFT: In contrast to the fate of Florida Torreya (dead at bottom of photo), the Asian species, Torreya nucifera, is thriving (green at photo top).

COMMENTARY - Funny it took until now (April 26, 2010) for the dying to become apparent.

Anyway, it was a good learning experience and shows that these highly endemic species became that way for a reason during the Pleistocene or perhaps even before.

On the other hand, maybe their northern populations were eliminated by environmental change and only the less hardy southernmost ones survived. Guess we might never know.

The good news is that several Torreya nucifera (Asian species) came through in perfect shape! The box huckleberries also came through this winter splendidly. My biology students collected baseline data on them last week and I'm thinking they'll put on lots of new growth and runners this summer — if the drought doesn't stay too severe.

     
• APRIL 2010 (cont.)

The Japanese species of genus Torreya, Torreya nucifera radicans, seems to thrive on the property.

     
• APRIL 2010 (cont.)

Taxus floridana post-winter.

Right-most shows more damage from exposure.

ABOVE (2 PHOTOS): Florida Yew rooted cutting after its first winter. This species is much more site-tolerant than Torreya and was exposed to minus 12F without injury.



  
• MARCH 2010

Torreya taxifolia rooted cutting after its first winter. It was covered by snow for 3.5 months.

The plants only survived the winter on steep slopes.


Mike's ongoing photos and reports of other Tertiary-age genera that were either extirpated from Wisconsin or fully extirpated in North America (surviving thru the cold times only in Asia) are posted on a separate webpage on this site.

Also on that page is his PHOTO-ESSAY: "Assisted Migration of Appalachian Species to Wisconsin."

Visit Mike's PHOTOS & REPORTS of ASSISTED MIGRATION plantings: HERE.



WWW www.TorreyaGuardians.org

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